Education budgets affect student performance most clearly when money reaches the parts of schooling that students experience every day: qualified teachers, enough learning time, reliable materials, early literacy support, safe facilities, and fair access for learners with greater needs. The global evidence does not support a simple rule… 

Public and private education spending describe where education money comes from, not simply whether a school is publicly or privately owned. In international finance data, public spending usually means government expenditure by central, regional, or local authorities. Private spending includes payments by households, students, companies, foundations, and other… 

Country comparisons of education spending as a share of GDP look simple on the surface: one number, one ranking, one line in a chart. Useful is that ratio. Sufficient on its own, it is not. The World Bank defines this indicator as general government expenditure on education—including current…