This page compares the education systems of Singapore and India.
Education System Overview
| Category | Singapore | India |
|---|---|---|
| System Type | Public-led system; centralized governance under the Ministry of Education, with government, government-aided, autonomous, independent, specialized and private providers. National schools follow MOE curricula and assessment requirements, while independent and specialized schools have varying degrees of curricular flexibility. [Singapore MOE] | Public/private mix; governance is shared between the Union government and States/Union Territories (UTs). Education is on the Constitution's Concurrent List, allowing both levels of government to legislate on education. States and UTs administer much of school provision, while national bodies establish policies, standards and central programmes. [MoE] |
| Governing Body | Ministry of Education (MOE), Singapore, which oversees national education policy, schools and publicly funded post-secondary institutions. The Early Childhood Development Agency (ECDA) regulates preschools, while separate regulatory arrangements apply to private education institutions. [Singapore MOE] [ECDA] | Ministry of Education, through the Department of School Education & Literacy and the Department of Higher Education, together with State/UT education departments. Other bodies include the NCERT, CBSE, University Grants Commission (UGC), AICTE and NCTE, each with responsibilities within its statutory or administrative remit. [MoE] |
| Government Expenditure on Education (% of GDP) | 2.2% (2024, latest available World Bank/UNESCO UIS observation). Singapore's Ministry of Finance separately reported education expenditure equivalent to 1.9% of GDP in FY2024 and estimated 2.0% for FY2026 in its sectoral budget figures. The two statistical measures have different coverage. [World Bank] [Ministry of Finance] | 4.1% of GDP in 2022, the latest value in the World Bank indicator sourced from UNESCO UIS. The measure covers general government education expenditure, including current and capital spending and transfers, across education levels. It differs from the Union government's education budget alone because it includes expenditure by State and local governments. [World Bank] |
Education Structure & Compulsory Schooling
| Category | Singapore | India |
|---|---|---|
| Compulsory Age Range | For Singapore Citizen children residing in Singapore, compulsory education applies to children above age 6 and below age 15 who have not completed the required primary education. The statutory obligation concerns primary-school attendance rather than the entire age range. Approved exemptions apply in specified circumstances. [Singapore Statutes] [Singapore MOE] | Ages 6–14. Article 21A of the Constitution and the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 establish the legal entitlement to free elementary education for this age group. The National Education Policy 2020 addresses education from ages 3–18, but it has not extended the nationwide statutory compulsory-schooling age to 18. [India Code] |
| Total Compulsory Duration (Years) | 6 years of primary education, from Primary 1 to Primary 6. Secondary education is not compulsory under the Compulsory Education Act, although most students proceed to secondary school. [Singapore MOE] | 8 years of elementary education, normally covering Classes I–VIII and the statutory ages 6–14. [India Code] |
| Pre-primary Education (ECE) Access | Optional; official early-childhood data reported preschool participation of about 9 in 10 children aged 3–4 in 2021, with participation higher at ages 5–6. Preschool provision includes MOE Kindergartens, Anchor Operator and Partner Operator preschools, and other licensed providers. Government subsidies and fee caps apply according to provider type, citizenship and household eligibility. [ECDA] | Not compulsory nationally. Pre-school provision includes Anganwadi centres, government-school pre-primary sections, Balvatika classes, private preschools and other early learning services. NEP 2020 incorporates three years of pre-school education into the Foundational Stage. In UDISE+ 2025–26, total school enrollment, including pre-primary, reached approximately 24.72 crore (247.2 million) students. This is a combined school-system figure, not a pre-primary enrollment rate. [Samagra Shiksha] [UDISE+] |
| Primary + Secondary Education Structure (Years) | 6 + 4 for the typical primary-to-secondary route, with some existing secondary pathways extending to five years. Selected Integrated Programme pathways span six years across secondary and pre-university education. Under Full Subject-Based Banding, students take secondary subjects at G1, G2 or G3 levels rather than being placed in Express, Normal (Academic) or Normal (Technical) streams. From the 2027 examination year, the Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate (SEC) will replace the separate N- and O-Level examinations. [Singapore MOE] | 5 + 3 + 3 + 4 under NEP 2020: Foundational Stage (three years of pre-school plus Classes I–II), Preparatory Stage (Classes III–V), Middle Stage (Classes VI–VIII) and Secondary Stage (Classes IX–XII). The structure spans ages 3–18. It is a pedagogical organization; traditional primary, upper-primary, secondary and higher-secondary school classifications remain in use for administration and reporting. [MoE] |
| Vocational vs. General Upper Secondary Split (%) | No directly comparable national vocational/general upper-secondary enrollment split. Secondary schooling is predominantly general education, while the Institute of Technical Education (ITE) provides the main vocational route after secondary school. Most initial vocational training therefore falls within post-secondary rather than upper-secondary education. [OECD] | No single comparable nationwide split is available for all upper secondary students. Vocational subjects may be offered within general secondary schools, and students can pursue vocational programmes through schools, training institutions and other pathways. These arrangements do not produce a simple division between separate general and vocational high school sectors. |
Academic Calendar & Instruction Time
| Category | Singapore | India |
|---|---|---|
| Academic Year Start (Typical Month) | January. [Singapore MOE] | April–June in many State/UT school systems, with regional differences. CBSE-affiliated schools commonly follow an April–March academic session, while some states use June starts or other schedules. India does not have one nationwide first day of school. |
| Academic Year End (Typical Month) | November for most primary and secondary schools. Examination-year arrangements and pre-university calendars may differ. [Singapore MOE] | March–May, depending on the State/UT, school board and local calendar. CBSE examination schedules and State Board calendars may differ from the dates used for regular classroom teaching. |
| Instruction Weeks per Year | Approximately 40 school weeks, organized across four terms with scheduled vacation periods between terms. Examination arrangements and school holidays affect the number of teaching weeks at individual levels. [Singapore MOE] | No single nationwide figure. Under the Right to Education Act, the statutory minimum is 200 working days for Classes I–V and 220 for Classes VI–VIII. The corresponding number of weeks depends on the school's weekly timetable and holiday calendar. [India Code] |
| Instruction Days per Year | — | 200 minimum working days for Classes I–V and 220 minimum working days for Classes VI–VIII under the RTE schedule. The Act also specifies minimum annual instructional hours of 800 and 1,000, respectively. No single statutory nationwide working-day figure covers all Classes IX–XII. [India Code] |
Grading System
| Category | Singapore | India |
|---|---|---|
| Primary/Secondary Grading Scale | PSLE subjects use Achievement Levels AL1–AL8, with AL1 representing the highest achievement band. The four PSLE subject scores are added to produce an overall score from 4 to 32, where a lower total represents higher performance. Secondary assessment varies by subject level under Full Subject-Based Banding. The Singapore-Cambridge Secondary Education Certificate (SEC) will replace the separate N- and O-Level certificates from 2027, with students taking examinations at G1, G2 or G3 levels. [Singapore MOE] [Singapore MOE] | No single national grading scale. Marks, letter grades and assessment rules differ among State/UT boards, CBSE, CISCE and other recognized examination boards. CBSE commonly uses a nine-point grading scale in relevant secondary school reporting, alongside subject marks. Passing requirements depend on the examination and board regulations. |
| Higher Education Grading Scale | Institution-specific; for example, the National University of Singapore uses a 5.0 GPA scale, while grading systems may differ among other universities, polytechnics and private education providers. [NUS] | No uniform national scale. Universities use institution-specific percentages, letter grades and cumulative grade point averages (CGPA), commonly on a 10-point scale. Conversion and degree-award requirements are determined by institutional academic regulations. |
Language of Instruction
| Category | Singapore | India |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Instruction Languages (K–12) | English is the main medium of instruction in national schools, apart from Mother Tongue Language subjects. [Singapore MOE] | Hindi, English and State/regional languages are widely used. The medium of instruction varies by State/UT, school board and institution. NEP 2020 promotes teaching in the home language, mother tongue or local/regional language during the early grades wherever practicable. [MoE] |
| Other Official / Minority Instruction Languages (K–12) | Chinese, Malay and Tamil are the main Mother Tongue Languages taught in schools. All three are official languages alongside English. Approved arrangements also exist for selected Non-Tamil Indian Languages and other language-learning options. [Singapore MOE] | India's 22 Eighth Schedule languages include several languages used as school instructional media. Regional and minority-language provision varies by State/UT, including Urdu and other locally recognized languages. No single nationwide list of instructional media applies to every school. CBSE began a phased introduction of a third language (R3) in selected grades during the 2026–27 session, with further expansion scheduled in subsequent years. [MoE] [CBSE] |
School Provision & Access (K–12)
| Category | Singapore | India |
|---|---|---|
| Public School Enrollment Share (K–12, % of Students) | — | 49.7% of students in Classes I–XII attended government-managed schools in 2025–26. Government-aided schools accounted for another 10.5%. These categories are reported separately in UDISE+ and should not be combined when comparing institutions strictly by school management. [UDISE+] |
| Public School Tuition Fee (Annual, Local Currency) | SGD 0 standard school tuition for Singapore Citizens attending government and government-aided primary schools. In 2026, the standard miscellaneous fee at government primary schools was SGD 13 per month (SGD 156 annually). School fees at secondary and pre-university levels, and fees for permanent residents and international students, vary by level and nationality. Independent schools have separate fee schedules. [Singapore MOE] [Gongshang Primary School] | INR 0 for elementary education covered by the Right to Education Act for children aged 6–14. Charges beyond the RTE-covered stage depend on State/UT rules and the particular government school system. Government programmes may also provide textbooks, meals, uniforms or other assistance to eligible students. [India Code] |
| Public Schools Nationwide Availability | Yes; government and government-aided schools operate across Singapore. Primary 1 registration and school placement are administered through a national process, with priority arrangements and balloting where schools are oversubscribed. [Singapore MOE] | Yes. Government-managed schools operate throughout India's States and Union Territories. UDISE+ recorded approximately 1.005 million government schools among 1,466,682 schools nationwide in 2025–26. School access, transport and availability at individual educational stages vary by locality. [UDISE+] |
| Private School Enrollment Share (K–12, % of Students) | — | 38.0% of students in Classes I–XII were enrolled in recognized private unaided schools in 2025–26. Other school-management categories accounted for the remaining students outside government, government-aided and private unaided institutions. [UDISE+] |
| Private Schools (Geographic Concentration) | — | Nationwide, with extensive provision in large urban areas such as Delhi NCR, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Chennai. Private schools also serve smaller cities and rural districts. Their enrollment share varies substantially across States/UTs and between urban and rural areas. |
International Schools (K–12)
| Category | Singapore | India |
|---|---|---|
| Number of International Schools (Total) | — | No single verified national total covers all international-curriculum schools. Counts differ according to whether schools offering IB, Cambridge International and foreign national curricula are included, especially when schools offer more than one programme. |
| Number of IB World Schools | 40 IB World Schools currently offer at least one International Baccalaureate programme in Singapore. The IB country directory lists 22 schools offering the Primary Years Programme, 10 offering the Middle Years Programme, 30 offering the Diploma Programme and 3 offering the Career-related Programme. Schools offering multiple programmes are counted only once in the total. [IB] | 277 IB World Schools currently offer at least one International Baccalaureate programme in India. The IB country directory lists 187 Primary Years Programme (PYP) providers, 84 Middle Years Programme (MYP) providers, 198 Diploma Programme (DP) providers and 43 Career-related Programme (CP) providers. Schools offering multiple programmes are counted only once in the national total. [IB] |
| Main International Programmes Offered | International Baccalaureate (IB), Cambridge/UK curricula, American curricula and French curricula are offered by different international schools. The IB Diploma Programme is also available at selected Singapore national and independent schools. | IB Primary Years, Middle Years, Diploma and Career-related Programmes; Cambridge Primary, Lower Secondary, IGCSE and International AS & A Level programmes. International curricula are offered by authorized schools, sometimes alongside CBSE, CISCE or State Board pathways. [IB] [Cambridge] |
Resources & Learning Environment (K–12)
| Category | Singapore | India |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Teacher Qualification (Public Schools) | MOE teachers complete an approved initial teacher-preparation route through the National Institute of Education (NIE). Routes include the Postgraduate Diploma in Education (PGDE) for degree holders and specified diploma or degree programmes for other teaching levels and subjects. Entry requirements and professional preparation vary according to teaching appointment and specialization. [NIE] | Stage-appropriate NCTE-recognized qualifications and teacher-education preparation are required, together with applicable Teacher Eligibility Test (TET) and recruitment requirements. Eligibility varies by teaching stage, school system and appointing authority. [NCTE] |
| Average Class Size (Primary) | 33.8 students per form class (2024, detailed MOE statistics). Primary 1 and Primary 2 classes averaged 29.3 and 29.6 students respectively, while upper-primary classes were generally larger. In March 2026, MOE described the overall primary form-class average as approximately 34 students. [Singapore MOE] [Singapore Parliament] | — |
| Average Class Size (Lower Secondary) | Secondary 1: 33.6 students; Secondary 2: 33.4 students per form class (2024). Actual subject-class sizes may differ under Full Subject-Based Banding, depending on the subjects taken and learning needs. [Singapore MOE] | — |
| Average Class Size (Upper Secondary) | Secondary 3: 34.2; Secondary 4: 32.9; Secondary 5: 13.7 students per form class (2024). Secondary 5 is a smaller, separately reported cohort and should not be treated as the typical upper-secondary class size. [Singapore MOE] | — |
System Performance & Learning Outcomes (OECD/PISA)
| Category | Singapore | India |
|---|---|---|
| PISA Participation Years | 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2022, 2025. [OECD] | 2009+, with participation limited to Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh. India has not participated in the national PISA cycles of 2018, 2022 or 2025. [OECD] |
| PISA 2018 Scores (Mathematics / Reading / Science) | 569 / 549 / 551 [OECD] | Not available. India did not participate in PISA 2018. |
| PISA 2022 Scores (Mathematics / Reading / Science) | 575 / 543 / 561 [OECD] | Not available. India did not participate in PISA 2022. |
| PISA 2025 Scores (Mathematics / Reading / Science) | 563 / 535 / 560. Singapore recorded the highest average scores among participating education systems in all three core subjects. [OECD] | Not available. India did not participate in PISA 2025. [OECD] |
| PISA Performance Trend 2000–2025 | Singapore first participated in 2009. Between 2022 and 2025, mathematics performance declined by 12 points and reading by 8 points, while science performance remained about the same. Compared with 2018, the mathematics score was six points lower, reading 14 points lower and science nine points higher. Changes in statistical precision should be considered when interpreting differences between cycles. [OECD] | No national trend series is available. India's recorded participation was limited to the subnational PISA 2009+ assessment. Results cannot be compared with recent national PISA cycles because India did not participate in them. |
| Strongest Subject Area (PISA 2025) | Mathematics — 563 points. Science followed closely at 560 points. [OECD] | Not available; India has no PISA 2025 subject scores. |
Higher Education System
| Category | Singapore | India |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Higher Education Institutions (Total) | — | 64,756 registered institutions in AISHE 2023–24: 1,289 universities/university-level institutions, 48,246 colleges and 15,221 stand-alone institutions. Of the registered institutions, 59,533 participated in the survey. Higher education enrollment reached approximately 45.0 million students, with a gross enrollment ratio of 30.0% for ages 18–23. [AISHE] |
| Number of Universities (Research Universities) | 6 publicly funded Autonomous Universities: National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Management University, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore Institute of Technology and Singapore University of Social Sciences. These institutions differ in their teaching, applied learning and research roles; not all are research-intensive universities. Singapore also has the Government-supported private University of the Arts Singapore. [Singapore MOE] | 1,289 universities and university-level institutions registered in AISHE 2023–24. India does not classify all these institutions under one separate national research-university category. Research-intensive institutions include the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), central universities and other public and private universities. [AISHE] |
| Number of Universities of Applied Sciences / Colleges | 5 polytechnics: Nanyang Polytechnic, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore Polytechnic and Temasek Polytechnic. They primarily offer diploma-level, practice-oriented education rather than forming a separate university-of-applied-sciences sector. The Singapore Institute of Technology is classified among the six Autonomous Universities. [Singapore MOE] | 48,246 registered colleges and 15,221 stand-alone institutions in AISHE 2023–24. India does not maintain a separate nationwide university-of-applied-sciences category comparable to some European systems. Applied and professional education is provided through colleges, polytechnics, technical institutes and universities. [AISHE] |
| Main Institution Types | Autonomous Universities; University of the Arts Singapore and its constituent arts institutions; polytechnics; Institute of Technical Education (ITE); and private education institutions. Junior colleges and Millennia Institute provide pre-university education and are not counted as degree-awarding universities. [Singapore MOE] | Central universities, State universities, private universities, deemed-to-be universities, institutions of national importance, affiliated colleges, autonomous colleges, polytechnics and specialized professional institutions. The AISHE statistical categories group these into universities/university-level institutions, colleges and stand-alone institutions. [AISHE] |
| Tertiary Enrollment Share by Ownership | — | Public and private institutions both serve large student populations. Enrollment depends on university, college and stand-alone institution management categories. A single verified ownership percentage covering the entire AISHE 2023–24 institutional population is not provided here. |
| English-Taught Degree Programmes (Bachelor + Master, Total) | — | No single verified nationwide programme count. English is widely used in engineering, medicine, management, science and postgraduate education. Universities also provide degree programmes in Hindi and State/regional languages. Programme numbers and language requirements vary by institution. |
| Share of Tertiary Programmes Taught in National Languages (%) | — | No verified national percentage. Hindi and State/regional languages are used in undergraduate and other higher education programmes, but the share varies by institution, field and state. English-medium programmes remain common, particularly in technical and professional education. |
| Share of Tertiary Programmes Taught in English (%) | — | No single comparable nationwide percentage is available for all bachelor's and master's degree programmes. Institutions may offer English-medium, regional-language or bilingual instruction. |
| Main Global Ranking Used | QS World University Rankings 2027. [QS] | QS World University Rankings 2027. India has 52 ranked institutions in this edition, compared with 54 in QS 2026. [QS] |
| Universities in Top 100 (Selected Ranking) | 2 — National University of Singapore (#10) and Nanyang Technological University (#12) in QS 2027. [QS] | 0 in the QS World University Rankings 2027. India's highest-ranked institution is Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (#118), followed by IIT Bombay (#=134) and IIT Madras (#170). [QS] |
| Universities in Top 500 (Selected Ranking) | 4 — National University of Singapore (#10), Nanyang Technological University (#12), Singapore University of Technology and Design (#266) and Singapore Management University (#=411) in QS 2027. [QS] | 11 in the QS World University Rankings 2027, including IIT Delhi, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IIT Kharagpur, IISc Bengaluru, IIT Kanpur, University of Delhi, IIT Roorkee, IIT Guwahati, Shoolini University and Anna University. [QS] |
| Universities in Top 1000 (Selected Ranking) | 4 in QS 2027. [QS] | 37 in the QS World University Rankings 2027, out of 52 Indian institutions appearing in the full ranking. [QS] |
| National Accreditation / QA Agency (Higher Education) | No single national accreditation agency covers all higher education institutions. The Ministry of Education oversees the quality and governance of publicly funded Autonomous Universities through institutional reviews and accountability arrangements. For private education institutions, the Skills & Workforce Development Agency (SWDA) administers registration and the EduTrust Certification Scheme, following the transfer of private education regulatory functions in July 2026. EduTrust certification concerns private education provider standards and student protection; it is not equivalent to accreditation of every degree programme. [Training Partners Gateway] [Singapore MOE] | National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) for institutional accreditation and National Board of Accreditation (NBA) for specified professional and technical programmes. Other statutory and professional regulators oversee applicable institutional and programme requirements. [UGC] [NBA] |
| International Students (Total) | — | 58,134 foreign students enrolled in Indian higher education in 2023–24, according to AISHE. This is the national survey count rather than the number of international students admitted in a single academic intake. [AISHE] |
| International Students Share of Total Tertiary Enrollment (%) | — | Approximately 0.13% in 2023–24, calculated from 58,134 foreign students among approximately 45.0 million higher education students reported by AISHE. The percentage is based on the national foreign-student measure, not the OECD's internationally mobile student definition. [AISHE] |
Education Costs (Indicative)
| Category | Singapore | India |
|---|---|---|
| Public University Tuition Fees – Domestic / Regional (Annual, Local Currency) | For 2026 entrants, subsidized common undergraduate programmes at Nanyang Technological University cost Singapore Citizens SGD 8,300 per academic year. The corresponding subsidized fee for Singapore Permanent Residents is SGD 11,600. These are published NTU programme rates, not national averages; medicine, business and selected specialized degrees have different fees. Tuition grants cover part of the cost for eligible students. [NTU] | No uniform national tuition rate. Fees depend on the institution, degree and student category. For example, IIT Delhi's 2026 undergraduate tuition is INR 100,000 per semester, equivalent to INR 200,000 annually for standard B.Tech., B.Des. and B.S. programmes before applicable exemptions. Students from SC/ST categories and students with disabilities are eligible for specified tuition exemptions, with income-based concessions available to other eligible students. Admission, hostel and other institutional charges are separate. [IIT Delhi] |
| Public University Tuition Fees – International / Non-EU (Annual, Local Currency) | At NTU for 2026 entrants, subsidized common undergraduate programmes cost SGD 18,050 annually for ASEAN international students and SGD 21,400 for other international students. Non-subsidized common programmes cost SGD 36,350–40,600, depending on whether they are laboratory-based. These amounts include applicable GST for international students. Tuition-grant recipients normally have a three-year employment obligation after graduation, subject to the terms of the grant. [NTU] | No nationwide international tuition rate. Institutions set fees under their own regulations, with some publishing international fees in foreign currencies. At IIT Delhi, the 2026 undergraduate tuition for foreign nationals is USD 1,000 per semester for SAARC-country students and USD 2,000 per semester for students from other countries. Foreign postgraduate and doctoral students are charged the applicable Indian-student tuition rates under the published prospectus. Japan-style or EU/non-EU tuition categories do not apply nationally in India. [IIT Delhi] |
| Typical Tuition Fees for English-Taught Programmes (Annual, Local Currency) | No separate national English-taught programme fee. English is the normal teaching language at Singapore's Autonomous Universities, so tuition depends on degree, institution and subsidy eligibility rather than language of instruction. For example, NTU's subsidized common undergraduate programmes cost SGD 8,300–21,400 annually across the citizenship categories listed for 2026 entrants. Non-subsidized and specialized programmes can cost more. [NTU] | No separate nationwide English-medium tuition rate. Fees depend on the degree, institution and student category rather than the teaching language alone. For example, standard domestic undergraduate tuition at IIT Delhi is INR 200,000 annually before exemptions, while other public universities and private institutions have different fee schedules. [IIT Delhi] |
| Language School Costs (Monthly, Local Currency) | — | No comparable national monthly fee. Hindi, English and regional-language courses are provided by universities, private institutes and specialized language centres. Fees depend on the language, course duration, intensity and provider, and are often quoted by course or term rather than as a standard monthly charge. |
Major Education Updates & Policy Changes
| Category | Singapore | India |
|---|---|---|
| 2000–2010: Key Updates & Reforms | ||
| 2010–2020: Key Updates & Reforms | ||
| 2020–2024: Key Updates & Reforms | ||
| 2025–2026: Key Updates & Reforms |
General Overview (Narrative)
| Category | Singapore | India |
|---|---|---|
| Overview | Singapore operates a centrally governed education system under the Ministry of Education, with government and government-aided schools forming the main public network alongside autonomous, independent, specialized and private providers. Compulsory education applies to Singapore Citizen children residing in the country and centers on the six-year primary cycle. Students typically progress from six years of primary school to four years of secondary education, with additional pre-university, polytechnic and vocational pathways available after secondary school. Full Subject-Based Banding, introduced from the 2024 Secondary 1 cohort, allows students to take subjects at G1, G2 or G3 levels instead of being assigned to the former Express or Normal streams. English is the main medium of instruction, while Chinese, Malay and Tamil are taught as Mother Tongue Languages. In PISA 2025, Singapore scored 563 in mathematics, 535 in reading and 560 in science, with mathematics its highest-scoring core domain. Post-secondary education includes junior colleges, Millennia Institute, five polytechnics, ITE, six publicly funded Autonomous Universities and the University of the Arts Singapore. Singapore has 40 IB World Schools, including national and international institutions. At NTU, annual subsidized undergraduate tuition for 2026 entrants was SGD 8,300 for Singapore Citizens and SGD 18,050–21,400 for international students, depending on citizenship category. Recent changes include the completion of phased mid-year examination removals, additional support across 157 schools in 2026 and the transition to 49 three-year Higher Nitec courses. A common secondary examination will begin in 2027, followed by revised post-secondary admissions arrangements in 2028. | India operates a mixed federal education system in which education is a Concurrent List subject shared by the Union and States/UTs. The Ministry of Education sets national policy and administers central schemes, while States and UTs manage much of school provision. Free and compulsory elementary education covers ages 6–14 under the Right to Education Act. NEP 2020 organizes schooling around a 5+3+3+4 pedagogical structure spanning ages 3–18. In UDISE+ 2025–26, India recorded approximately 24.72 crore students across 14.67 lakh schools, with more than 1.02 crore teachers. Among Classes I–XII students, 49.7% attended government-managed schools, 10.5% attended government-aided schools and 38.0% attended recognized private unaided schools. The International Baccalaureate directory listed 277 IB World Schools. India's PISA participation was limited to the subnational PISA 2009+ assessment in Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh; no national PISA 2018, 2022 or 2025 results are available. AISHE 2023–24 recorded 64,756 registered higher education institutions, including 1,289 universities/university-level institutions, 48,246 colleges and 15,221 stand-alone institutions. Higher education enrollment reached approximately 45 million students, including 58,134 foreign students. In the QS World University Rankings 2027, India had 52 ranked institutions, led by IIT Delhi at #118. Recent changes include the introduction of two CBSE Class X board examination opportunities in 2026, mandatory Kaushal Bodh in Classes VI–VIII, Computational Thinking and Artificial Intelligence in Classes III–VIII, and expanded access to academic journals through One Nation One Subscription. [MoE] |