This page compares the education systems of Canada and Indonesia.
Education System Overview
| Category | Canada | Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| System Type | Public/private mix; Governance model: Highly Decentralised (managed by individual provinces and territories) [Source-1✅] | Mixed public/private system with decentralized school delivery. National ministries set core standards and policy, while provincial and district governments manage major parts of public-school provision. |
| Governing Body | Provincial/Territorial Ministries of Education; national coordination via the Council of Ministers of Education, Canada (CMEC) | Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education (Kemendikdasmen) for general school education; Ministry of Religious Affairs (MoRA) for the madrasah system; and the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, and Technology (Kemdiktisaintek) for higher education. [Kemendikdasmen] |
| Government Expenditure on Education (% of GDP) | Approximately 5.5% | Approximately 1.3% of GDP in 2023, the latest value reported in the World Bank/UNESCO Institute for Statistics series. [World Bank] |
Education Structure & Compulsory Schooling
| Category | Canada | Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| Compulsory Age Range | From age 6 to age 16 or 18 (varies by province) [Source-2✅] | The statutory compulsory basic-education requirement covers approximately ages 7–15. Indonesia is separately expanding policy toward 13 years of compulsory education, including one preschool year and senior secondary education. [BPK] |
| Total Compulsory Duration (Years) | 10 to 12 years | 9 years under the established statutory basic-education requirement; the current national policy direction is 13 years, structured as one preschool year plus 6 years primary, 3 years junior secondary, and 3 years senior secondary. [Kemendikdasmen] |
| Pre-primary Education (ECE) Access | Optional but widely attended; Enrollment rate for ages 3–5 is approximately 71% | ECE is generally non-compulsory under the established statutory framework, while the 13-year policy prioritizes one preschool year for ages 5–6. Gross PAUD participation reached approximately 36.2% in 2025; this is a broad PAUD participation indicator rather than a strict ages 3–5 net-enrollment rate. [PAUDPEDIA] |
| Primary + Secondary Education Structure (Years) | Varies by province, typically 1+6+3+3 (Kindergarten, Elementary, Junior High, Senior High) or 1+8+4 | 6 + 3 + 3: 6 years of primary school, 3 years of junior secondary school, and 3 years of general or vocational senior secondary education. Some vocational programs may run for 4 years. [Kemendikdasmen] |
| Vocational vs. General Upper Secondary Split (%) | ~10% Vocational / ~90% General (Vocational usually integrated into comprehensive high schools) | Approximately 33.5% vocational / 66.5% general, based on 2024/2025 senior-secondary enrollment totals across SMK and general/religious upper-secondary pathways. [Kemendikdasmen] |
Academic Calendar & Instruction Time
| Category | Canada | Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| Academic Year Start (Typical Month) | September | Typically July. Exact starting dates are established through provincial/local education calendars. [Kemendikdasmen] |
| Academic Year End (Typical Month) | June | Typically June of the following calendar year, with exact dates varying by province and local education authority. |
| Instruction Weeks per Year | Approximately 36 to 40 weeks | Approximately 36 effective instructional weeks for a typical full school year; the precise total varies by grade, regional calendar, holidays, and school program. |
| Instruction Days per Year | Approximately 185 to 195 days | Approximately 180 instructional days on a five-day-school equivalent basis; actual totals vary by regional calendar and school-week arrangement. |
Grading System
| Category | Canada | Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| Primary/Secondary Grading Scale | Typically A–F (letter grades) or 0–100% percentages | No single mandatory national A–F or fixed numeric passing scale. Under Kurikulum Merdeka, schools and teachers use learning-achievement criteria known as KKTP, which may combine numerical results, descriptors, rubrics, and competency evidence. [Kemendikdasmen] |
| Higher Education Grading Scale | GPA out of 4.0 or 4.3, or percentage grades (varies strictly by institution) | Institution-specific, although a 4.00 GPA scale with letter grades is widely used. A common model ranges from A = 4.0 to E = 0, with some universities using intermediate grades. [ITB] |
Language of Instruction
| Category | Canada | Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Instruction Languages (K–12) | English and French | Bahasa Indonesia is the principal national language of instruction. Regional languages may support instruction during early stages where appropriate. [BPK] |
| Other Official / Minority Instruction Languages (K–12) | Various Indigenous languages (e.g., Inuktitut, Cree, Ojibwe) and heritage languages in specific regional programs | Regional/local languages may be used as supporting instructional languages, particularly in early education. English is primarily taught as a foreign language; it is scheduled to become a compulsory primary-school subject from the 2027/2028 academic year. [Kemendikdasmen] |
School Provision & Access (K–12)
| Category | Canada | Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| Public School Enrollment Share (K–12, % of Students) | Approximately 92% | Approximately 66.5%, calculated from 2024/2025 primary, junior-secondary, and senior-secondary enrollment by school status. Public shares were about 73.2% at primary, 60.9% at junior secondary, and 57.3% at senior secondary. [Kemendikdasmen] |
| Public School Tuition Fee (Annual, Local Currency) | Free ($0) for Canadian citizens and permanent residents | $0 tuition for compulsory basic education in government schools under the national education framework. Permitted ancillary costs and locally administered support arrangements can vary. [BPK] |
| Public Schools Nationwide Availability | Yes, universally accessible across all urban and rural regions | Yes. Public primary and secondary schools operate nationwide across Indonesia’s provinces and districts, complemented by the public religious-school network. |
| Private School Enrollment Share (K–12, % of Students) | Approximately 7% to 8% | Approximately 33.5% across primary through senior-secondary education, derived from official 2024/2025 student totals by school status. [Kemendikdasmen] |
| Private Schools (Geographic Concentration) | Mostly urban; highly concentrated in major metropolitan areas like Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal | Nationwide presence, with particularly extensive provision in densely populated and urban areas and through community, foundation, and religious education networks. |
International Schools (K–12)
| Category | Canada | Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| Number of International Schools (Total) | Approximately 150+ | Approximately 146 directory-listed international schools as of 2026; this figure represents a specialist international-school directory rather than an official government census. [International Schools Database] |
| Number of IB World Schools | 385 [Source-3✅] | Approximately 80 IB World Schools listed for Indonesia in 2026. [IB] |
| Main International Programmes Offered | International Baccalaureate (IB), Advanced Placement (AP), and provincial curricula for overseas students | IB, Cambridge International, British, American, Australian, Singaporean, French, and bilingual/internationalized Indonesian curricula are among the principal options. |
Resources & Learning Environment (K–12)
| Category | Canada | Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Teacher Qualification (Public Schools) | Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) degree and provincial certification | A minimum academic qualification of S-1 bachelor’s degree or D-IV applied bachelor’s level is the national professional benchmark, alongside teacher-certification requirements for eligible professional teachers. [Kemendikdasmen] |
| Average Class Size (Primary) | 20 to 24 students | Approximately 21 students per class group nationally, based on the official primary student-to-class-group ratio dataset. [Data Indonesia] |
| Average Class Size (Lower Secondary) | 22 to 26 students | Approximately 28 students per class group at junior-secondary level. [Data Indonesia] |
| Average Class Size (Upper Secondary) | 25 to 30 students | Approximately 30 students overall as an indicative upper-secondary figure. General senior-secondary classes average about 32 students, while vocational classes are closer to 27 students. [Data Indonesia]; vocational reference: [Data Indonesia] |
System Performance & Learning Outcomes (OECD/PISA)
| Category | Canada | Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| PISA Participation (First Year) | 2000 | 2001, through the PISA 2000 Plus administration; Indonesia has subsequently participated regularly in PISA. |
| PISA 2018 Scores (Mathematics / Reading / Science) | 512 / 520 / 518 | 379 / 371 / 396. [OECD PISA 2018] |
| PISA 2022 Scores (Mathematics / Reading / Science) | 497 / 507 / 515 [Source-4✅] | 366 / 359 / 383. [OECD] |
| Average PISA Rank 2000–2022 (Math / Reading / Science) | Consistently in the Global Top 10 | Not officially published as a standardized OECD metric. Participant numbers and economies included differ by PISA cycle, so a single comparable 2000–2022 average rank is not reported by OECD. [OECD] |
| Strongest Subject Area (PISA 2022) | Science | Science, with a score of 383, compared with 366 in mathematics and 359 in reading. [OECD] |
Higher Education System
| Category | Canada | Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Higher Education Institutions (Total) | Over 250 | 4,303 institutions in the 2025 national higher-education statistics. [Kemdiktisaintek] |
| Number of Universities (Research Universities) | Approximately 100 [Source-5✅] | 981 institutions classified as Universitas. Indonesia’s national statistics do not publish a separate statutory count specifically labeled research universities. [Kemdiktisaintek] |
| Number of Universities of Applied Sciences / Colleges | Approximately 150 (Colleges, Institutes, CEGEPs in Quebec) | 885 vocational/applied institutions: 389 polytechnics, 465 academies, and 31 community academies. Indonesia also reports 2,006 Sekolah Tinggi, specialized higher-education schools/colleges. [Kemdiktisaintek] |
| Main Institution Types | Universities; Public Colleges; Polytechnics; CEGEPs (specific to Quebec) | Universities; institutes; Sekolah Tinggi; polytechnics; academies; and community academies. [Kemdiktisaintek] |
| Tertiary Enrollment Share by Ownership | Public/non-profit: ~95% | Private/for-profit: ~5% | State/public-managed: approximately 50.3% | Society/private-managed: approximately 49.7% of registered students in 2025. National statistics classify institutions primarily by management/ownership group rather than a strict nonprofit-versus-for-profit distinction. [Kemdiktisaintek] |
| English-Taught Degree Programmes (Bachelor + Master, Total) | Thousands (vast majority of programs outside Quebec) | Not centrally published as a national total. English-medium International Undergraduate Programs and international/English-track master’s programs are reported primarily by individual universities. |
| Share of Tertiary Programmes Taught in National Languages (%) | 100% (English and French are the national languages) | No verified nationwide percentage is centrally published. Bahasa Indonesia is the predominant national instructional language, while individual institutions may operate bilingual or English-medium programs. |
| Share of Tertiary Programmes Taught in English (%) | Approximately 75%–80% (Remaining predominantly French) | No verified nationwide percentage is centrally published. English-medium provision represents a specialized subset of programs, particularly international undergraduate and postgraduate tracks. |
| Main Global Ranking Used | QS World University Rankings and THE | QS World University Rankings is used here as the selected international comparison framework. [QS] |
| Universities in Top 100 (Selected Ranking) | 3 to 4 (typically UofT, McGill, UBC) | 0 universities in the global Top 100 of the QS World University Rankings 2027. [QS] |
| Universities in Top 500 (Selected Ranking) | Approximately 15 to 20 | 7 universities in the global Top 500 of the QS World University Rankings 2027. [QS] |
| Universities in Top 1000 (Selected Ranking) | Approximately 30 | 12 universities in the global Top 1000 of the QS World University Rankings 2027. [QS] |
| National Accreditation / QA Agency (Higher Education) | Provincial Quality Assurance Boards (e.g., PEQAB in Ontario) | BAN-PT (National Accreditation Agency for Higher Education), complemented by discipline-specific Independent Accreditation Agencies (LAM). [BAN-PT] |
| International Students (Total) | Over 1,000,000 (as of recent peak data, subject to recent policy adjustments) [Source-6✅] | No standalone, current nationwide international-student total is published in the 2025 public higher-education dashboard. International-student study-permit administration is maintained through the ministry’s dedicated foreign-student service. [Kemdiktisaintek] |
| International Students Share of Total Tertiary Enrollment (%) | Approximately 20% to 30% | Not centrally published as a verified current nationwide percentage; therefore, a national share cannot be stated reliably from the 2025 public statistics. Total registered tertiary enrollment was approximately 10.75 million students. [Kemdiktisaintek] |
Education Costs (Indicative)
| Category | Canada | Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| Public University Tuition Fees – Domestic / Regional (Annual, Local Currency) | $4,000 to $9,000 CAD | Approximately $60–$1,600 per year for regular means-tiered undergraduate tuition in a representative public-university program; exact UKT charges vary substantially by university, program, and assigned fee band. [Universitas Indonesia] |
| Public University Tuition Fees – International / Non-EU (Annual, Local Currency) | $25,000 to $45,000+ CAD | Approximately $1,700–$7,500 per year as an indicative range across foreign-student bachelor’s tuition categories at a major public university, excluding any one-time institutional-development charges. [UGM] |
| Typical Tuition Fees for English-Taught Programmes (Annual, Local Currency) | Varies widely by degree; usually $25,000–$60,000 CAD for international students | Approximately $3,000–$8,000 per year for many English-medium/international undergraduate tracks at major public universities. Dual-degree arrangements, medicine, and partner-university components can cost more. [ITB] |
| Language School Costs (Monthly, Local Currency) | $1,200 to $2,000 CAD | Approximately $180–$210 per month equivalent for a university-based Indonesian-language course, based on UGM INCULS semester tuition spread across a 15–17 week term. [UGM] |
Major Education Updates & Policy Changes
| Category | Canada | Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| 2010–2020: Key Updates & Reforms | ||
| 2020–2024: Key Updates & Reforms | ||
| 2025–2026: Key Updates & Reforms |
General Overview (Narrative)
| Category | Canada | Indonesia |
|---|---|---|
| Overview | The Canadian education system is highly regarded globally, characterized by a decentralized governance model where individual provinces and territories hold exclusive jurisdiction over education. This structure allows for curricula tailored to regional cultural and historical contexts, while the Council of Ministers of Education, Canada (CMEC) ensures national cohesion. Compulsory schooling typically spans ages 6 to 16 or 18, with an overwhelming majority of students (over 90%) attending publicly funded, universally accessible schools. The system is bilingual, offering instruction in English and French, while increasingly integrating Indigenous languages and histories. Canada consistently performs exceptionally well in international assessments like the OECD’s PISA, frequently ranking in the global top ten, particularly in science and reading. In higher education, Canada boasts a robust network of world-class, predominantly public universities and applied colleges. While highly attractive to international students due to post-graduation work opportunities, recent federal reforms (2024–2026) have introduced strategic caps and quality assurance measures to ensure sustainable growth and maintain the exceptional quality of the Canadian educational experience. | Indonesia has a large, mixed, and decentralized education system. National ministries establish curriculum, quality, and policy frameworks, while provincial and district governments manage much of public-school delivery; the Ministry of Religious Affairs operates the extensive madrasah sector. The standard school structure is 6 years of primary, 3 years of junior secondary, and 3 years of senior secondary education, with both general and vocational pathways. The established compulsory basic-education framework covers ages 7–15, while current policy is moving toward a 13-year model that adds one preschool year and extends participation through senior secondary school. Public schools educate roughly two-thirds of students across primary and secondary levels, alongside a substantial private, foundation, and religious-school sector. Bahasa Indonesia is the principal instructional language, with regional-language support permitted and English education expanding. Higher education includes more than 4,300 institutions across universities, institutes, colleges, polytechnics, and academies. Recent reforms emphasize Kurikulum Merdeka, deeper learning, competency-based assessment, digital learning systems, coding and artificial intelligence options, broader preschool and secondary participation, and preparation for compulsory primary English from 2027/2028. |